Virginia Department of Education's Training and Technical Assistance Center at Virginia Commonwealth University

For decades, K–12 mathematics education has been framed as a debate between procedural fluency and conceptual understanding. However, effective mathematics instruction is not an either-or proposition. Evidence-based teaching intentionally connects concrete experiences, visual representations, and strategic problem-solving to build both conceptual understanding and procedural fluency (Witzel et al., 2008; Powell & Fuchs, 2018). While there […]

The current Standards of Learning in the core content areas have become increasingly rigorous and focus on student sensemaking. As teachers, we should be helping students see themselves and their peers as the “doers” of math, science, social studies, and English/Language Arts. Another term for “doing” is sensemaking. Advance organizers, concept mapping, and high-level questions […]

When students feel they belong, their brains shift into a state where learning becomes possible. A sense of connection signals safety, and safety unlocks the cognitive resources students need for problem-solving, reasoning, creativity, and self-regulation. Students who feel safe and connected are more willing to take academic risks, engage in challenging tasks, and collaborate with […]

Schools across the country are experiencing a growing push toward inclusive education for students with disabilities, making today’s classrooms more diverse than ever before. According to the National Center for Education Statistics (2024), 67% of students with disabilities spend 80% or more of their school day in general education classes. Current research suggests the need […]

As you plan how middle and high school teachers can unpack curricula in the coming year, consider the Strategic Instruction Model (SIM) Course Organizer Routine (Lenz, Schumaker, Deshler, Bulgren, 1998). This evidence-based practice helps new and veteran teachers work efficiently as a team to unpack a curriculum in just a couple of hours–a task that […]

Have you noticed students who increasingly struggle to stay focused on tasks, find face‑to‑face interactions challenging, experience difficulty retaining new learning, and exhibit reduced stamina for sustained thinking? A growing body of evidence supports that the rise in the use of digital tools is reshaping students’ cognitive development, attention, and social skills. Research indicates that […]

Proficient readers can simultaneously decode words in a text while integrating information from those words for comprehension. Students who struggle with decoding in the early elementary years often have difficulty accessing meaning due to limited word recognition skills. As students advance beyond second grade, word-reading instruction decreases while the complexity and volume of texts increase. […]

Many instructional practices are recommended to support students with disabilities (SWDs), but they are often taught in isolation. In their article “Approaching Explicit Instruction Within a Universal Design for Learning Framework,” Foxworth et al. (2022) share how explicit instruction and universal design for learning (UDL) can work together. UDL is a framework that accounts for […]

In today’s classrooms, students are expected to read, listen, and process new information as they work toward identified learning targets. You’ve probably seen students, especially those with disabilities, struggle to understand, remember, and apply new information presented during instruction. Skills such as connecting new information to prior knowledge and identifying main ideas and supporting details […]

What are “math aids?” Math aids, as defined by the Virginia Department of Education (VDOE) (Virginia Department of Education, 2024), are specialized tools that provide students with disabilities equitable access to mathematics instruction and assessments. These accommodations are not designed to improve performance beyond access; rather, they help ensure that students can meaningfully participate in […]